URLhttps://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/780225
Download URLhttps://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/780225/data/download
Media Type text/tab-separated-values
Created October 30, 2019
Modified February 11, 2020
State Final no updates expected

Acquisition Description

Samples for this study come from CORK observatories installed at IODP Holes U1382A and U1383C as described elsewhere (Edwards et al., 2012b). In brief, instrument strings containing OsmoSampler systems (Wheat et al., 2011) were deployed at different depths within the holes from 2011-2017. Additional OsmoSampler systems were deployed at the wellhead of the CORKs in 2014 and were inoculated with bottom seawater, making them useful for identifying differences between crustal subsurface and bottom seawater inoculated microbial communities. OsmoSampler systems included Flow-through Osmo Colonization Systems (FLOCS) for mineral colonization experiments, as described elsewhere (Ramrez et al., 2019). Each FLOCS contained sterile (autoclaved and ethanol-rinsed) substrates including crushed basalts, pyrite, pyrrhotite, or inert glass beads housed within polycarbonate cassettes and sleeves. Fluids were introduced into the FLOCS via the OsmoSampler pumps, allowing fluid microbial communities to colonize the substrates. All FLOCS were recovered in October 2017 during cruise AT39-01 of the RV Atlantis with the ROV Jason (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) following methods described elsewhere (Ramrez et al., 2019). In brief, the instrument strings with the downhole FLOCS were pulled up to the ship on a wire, then immediately disassembled to store the FLOCS in a cold room. Wellhead FLOCS incubated in milkcrates attached to crustal fluid umbilicals at the seafloor were also collected on this cruise with the ROV. FLOCS contents were distributed inside an ethanol-rinsed and UV-irradiated HEPA-filtered hood using sterile instruments. Substrates for the experiment were stored cold (2-4C) and in the dark in sterile centrifuge tubes with ultrafiltered (0.22 m-mesh Millipore Sterivex and 0.02 m-mesh Whatman Anotop 25 filters) crustal fluid until incubation at the shore-based laboratory. Parallel samples for initial characterization of the substrate biofilms were transferred to sterile cyrovials, flash frozen with liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80C until analysis. In addition to the FLOCS samples, 4-10L samples of raw and unfiltered crustal fluids were collected into ethanol-rinsed cubitainers after collection into gamma-irradiated bags on the seafloor using a Mobile Pumping System. Cubitainers were stored cold (2-4C) and in the dark for approximately one year before beginning the experiments. A detailed description of the cathodic poised potential protocol used is available elsewhere (Jones and Orcutt, 2019). In brief, glass two-cell, three-electrode MFC systems (Adams and Chittenden, CA, USA) were used as incubations chambers, run in parallel with a multichannel potentiostat (model CHI1030C, CHI Instruments, TX, USA). Nafion 117 proton exchange membrane (Fuel Cell Store, TX) separated the half-cells. Cells were filled with distilled water and autoclaved prior to filling with media and sample inocula. Ag/AgCl reference electrodes (Gamry Instruments, PA, USA part 932-00018 and/or Analytical Instrument Systems, NY, USA) were calibrated before each run by immersion in 3 M NaCl and compared against a known electrode kept only for that purpose (max +/- 20 mV drift from the value of lab master electrode). Working electrodes (WEs) were 2 4 cm2 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated glass slides (Delta Technologies Ltd, CO, USA part CB-50IN-1111), constructed for MFC as described elsewhere (Rowe et al., 2015). Counter electrodes (CEs) were carbon cloth with a 4 4 cm2 surface area. Electrodes were sterilized by rinsing with 80% ethanol, air-drying, then exposing to UV radiation for 15 minutes per side. Each experiment consisted of five treatments: Three MFCs filled with buffered and double autoclaved crustal fluid (cool and oxic), inoculated with samples, and incubated with a WE set poised at -200 mV versus a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) referred to as the Echem treatments; one MFC filled with the same fluid and WE but without any sample inoculum referred to as the Fluid treatment; and one glass bottle with a mixed sample inoculum and ITO electrode without any voltage applied referred to as the Offline treatment. Samples were transferred into the MFCs in HEPA-filtered, UV-irradiated biosafety cabinet or hood using sterile tools. An aliquot of each sample was also collected into a sterile plastic tube for microbial community analysis representing a time zero (T0) condition that may have changed from the Shipboard (SB) initial condition. For the Echem and Fluid treatments, the counter cell redox couple was H2O/O2. Testing (data not shown) determined that a strong kill control method was necessary to achieve sterility of the crustal fluid, consisting of 1 h autoclaving at 121C, incubation at room temperature in the dark for ~24 h to allow for spore germination, and then another 1 h autoclaving at 121C before cooling down to 4C for the addition of substrate. Sodium bicarbonate was added to the media (0.1 M) as a buffer. MFCs were incubated at 4C in the dark. Once the MFCs were constructed, a cyclic voltammetry (CV) sweep was performed for each cell with the potentiostat before each poised potential experiment at a scan rate of 0.1 V s-1 and sample interval of 0.001 V, across -1 to 1 V range. Then the chronoamperometry (CA) experiments began by applying a constant voltage (-200 mV versus SHE) to the Echem and Fluid MFCs. Current generation was monitored and recorded until current changes began to decline after a period of approximately 15 days. At the end of each CA experiment, two further CV sweeps were performed: one with the incubated ITO electrode (Tend i) and one with a fresh ITO electrode dipped into the incubated media (Tend ii).

Processing Description

BCO-DMO Data Manager Processing Notes:

* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date

* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions

* blank values in this dataset are displayed as “nd” for “no data.”  nd is the default missing data identifier in the BCO-DMO system.

* Converted Dates to ISO 8601 format yyyy-mm-dd

* Latitude and Longitude from degrees decimal minutes to decimal degrees

Instruments

multichannel potentiostat (model CHI1030C, CHI Instruments, TX, USA)
 [Voltammetry Analyzers]
Details
Instruments that obtain information about an analyte by applying a potential and measuring the current produced in the analyte.

Parameters

ExperimentID [exp_id]
Details
ExperimentID
Text description of experiment with microbial fuel cells; values of NP11, NP12, NP13, NP14 or NP15
Experiment Id
Channel [sample_descrip]
Details
Channel
Channel used in the poised potential experiment microbial fuel cell; values of NA (not applicable), CH1 (channel 1), CH2 (channel 2), CH3 (channel 3), or CH4 (channel 4)
text description of sample collected
Treatment [treatment]
Details
Treatment
Treatment of the microbial fuel cell; values of Offline (with sample but no voltage applied), Fluid (with filtered fluid only/no sample and with voltage applied), or Echem (with sample and voltage applied)

Experimental conditions applied to experimental units.  In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.

FLOCSsubstrate [sample_descrip]
Details
FLOCSsubstrate
Description of the FLOCS sample type put into the microbial fuel cell; values of Mixed (a mixture of samples), NA (not applicable, no sample), Basalt, Glass Wool, or Pyrrhotite
text description of sample collected
Borehole [site_descrip]
Details
Borehole
Name of the IODP borehole that was the location of the FLOCS experiment; values of U1382A (from IODP Hole U1382A) or U1383C (from IODP Hole U1383C)

Description or characteristics of a sampling site

FluidSource [site_descrip]
Details
FluidSource
Name of the IODP borehole location where crustal fluid was collected for preparing microbial fuel cell media; values of U1382A (from IODP Hole U1382A shallow horizon), U1383Cdeep (from IODP Hole U1383C deep horizon), or U1383Cshallow (from IODP Hole U1383C shallow horizon)

Description or characteristics of a sampling site

FLOCStype [exp_type]
Details
FLOCStype
Type of the FLOCS experiment; values of U1382A downhole (recovered from the shallow horizon of U1382A), U1382A wellhead (from the wellhead of IODP Hole U1382A), and U1383C wellhead bottom water (from IODP Hole U1383C wellhead)
Experiment type or description
FLOCSname [exp_type]
Details
FLOCSname
Name of the FLOCS experiment
Experiment type or description
Latitude [latitude]
Details
Latitude

Latitude of the FLOCS experiment

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

Longitude [longitude]
Details
Longitude


Longitude of the FLOCS experiment

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes

WaterDepth [depth_w]
Details
WaterDepth
water depth to seafloor of the IODP Hole

water depth, in meters

FLOCSdepth [meters below seafloor]
Details
FLOCSdepth
Approximate depth, in meters below seafloor, where the FLOCS experiment was deployed

Meters below seafloor (mbsf); convention used for depths below the seabed in geology, oceanography, petrology and ocean drilling; often used in reporting measurements made from sediment cores.

FLOCSsourceDepth [meters below seafloor]
Details
FLOCSsourceDepth
Approximate depth, in meters below seafloor, where the crustal fluids that inoculated the FLOCS were sourced from

Meters below seafloor (mbsf); convention used for depths below the seabed in geology, oceanography, petrology and ocean drilling; often used in reporting measurements made from sediment cores.

MediasourceDepth [meters below seafloor]
Details
MediasourceDepth
Approximate depth, in meters below seafloor, where the crustal fluids were collected to prepare media for the microbial fuel cells

Meters below seafloor (mbsf); convention used for depths below the seabed in geology, oceanography, petrology and ocean drilling; often used in reporting measurements made from sediment cores.

FLOCSdeploymentCruise [cruise_id]
Details
FLOCSdeploymentCruise
Name of the cruise (and ROV Jason dive number) when the FLOCS was deployed; values of IODP Expedition 336, MSM37 (R/V Maria S. Merian cruise MSM37) + J2-#### (ROV Jason dive number)
cruise designation; name
FLOCSrecoverCruise [cruise_id]
Details
FLOCSrecoverCruise
Name of the cruise (and ROV Jason dive number) when the FLOCS was recovered; values of AT39-01 (R/V Atlantis cruise AT39-01) + J2-#### (ROV Jason dive number)
cruise designation; name
FluidcollectionCruise [cruise_id]
Details
FluidcollectionCruise
Name of the cruise and ROV Jason dive number when the crustal fluid was collected; values of AT39-01 (R/V Atlantis cruise AT39-01) + J2-#### (ROV Jason dive number)
cruise designation; name
FLOCSdeployDate [date]
Details
FLOCSdeployDate
Date of the FLOCS deployment, in ISO 8601 format yyyy-mm-dd

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

FLOCSrecoverDate [date]
Details
FLOCSrecoverDate
Date of the FLOCS recovery, in ISO 8601 format yyyy-mm-dd

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

FluidcollectionDate [date]
Details
FluidcollectionDate
Date of the collection of the crustal fluids, in ISO 8601 format yyyy-mm-dd

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

Dataset Maintainers

NameAffiliationContact
Beth N. OrcuttBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
Amber YorkBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

BCO-DMO Project Info

Project Title Collaborative Research: Completing North Pond Borehole Experiments to Elucidate the Hydrology of Young, Slow-Spread Crust
Acronym North Pond 2017
URLhttps://www.bco-dmo.org/project/707762
Created July 5, 2017
Modified July 5, 2017
Project Description

NSF Award Abstract:
Seawater circulates through the upper part of the oceanic crust much like groundwater flows through continental aquifers. However, in the ocean this seawater circulation, many times heated by buried magmatic bodies, transports and releases 25% of the Earth’s heat. The rate of fluid flow through ocean crust is estimated to be equal to the amount of water delivered by rivers to the ocean. Much of what we know of this subseafloor fluid flow comes from studies in the eastern Pacific Ocean on ocean crust created by medium and fast spreading mid-ocean ridges. These studies indicate that seawater and its circulation through the seafloor significantly impact crustal evolution and biogeochemical cycles in the ocean and affect the biosphere in ways that are just now beginning to be quantified and understood. To expand this understanding, this research focuses on fluid flow of seafloor generated by slow spreading ridges, like those in the Atlantic, Indian and Arctic Oceans because it is significantly different in structure, mineralogy, and morphology than that formed at fast and intermediate spreading ridges. This research returns to North Pond, a long-term; seafloor; fluid flow monitoring site, drilled and instumented by the Ocean Drilling Program in the Atlantic Ocean. This research site was punctured by boreholes in which fluid flow and geochemical and biological samplers have been deployed for a number of years to collect data and samples. It also provides resources for shipboard and on-shore geochemical and biological analysis. Broader impacts of the work include sensor and technology development, which increases infrastructure for science and has commercial applications. It also provides training for students and the integration of education and research at three US academic institutions, one of which is an EPSCoR state (Mississippi), and supports a PI whose gender is under-represented in sciences and engineering. Public outreach will be carried out in conjunction with the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations.

This project completes a long-term biogeochemical and hydrologic study of ridge flank hydrothermal processes on slow-spreading, 8 million year old crust on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The site, North Pond, is an isolated northeast-trending sediment pond, bounded by undersea mountains that have been studied since the 1970s. During Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 336 in 2011 and an expedition five months later (2012), sensors, samplers, and experiments were deployed in four borehole observatories drilled into the seafloor that penetrated into volcanic crust, with the purpose of monitoring changes in hydrologic properties, crustal fluid composition and mineral alteration, among other objectives. Wellhead sampling in 2012 and 2014 already revealed changes in crustal fluid compositions; and associated pressure data confirm that the boreholes are sealed and overpressured, reflecting a change in the formation as the boreholes recover from drilling disturbances. This research includes a 13-day oceanographic expedition and use of on-site robotically operated vehicles to recover downhole instrument packages at North Pond. It will allow the sampling of crustal fluids, recovering pressure data, and measuring fluid flow rates. Ship- and shore-based analyses will be used to address fundamental questions related to the hydrogeology of hydrothermal processes on slow-spread crust.

Data Project Maintainers
NameAffiliationRole
Beth N. OrcuttBigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesLead Principal Investigator
Charles Geoffrey WheatUniversity of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS)Principal Investigator
Keir BeckerUniversity of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (UM-RSMAS)Principal Investigator