The chemical composition of formation waters within the upper basaltic crust were calculated or measured at 24 sites on the northwest portion of the Juan de Fuca (JDF) Plate using data from sediment pore waters, scientific boreholes, and seafloor springs. Formation waters differ in composition across this ridge-flank region because of variations in water-rock reactions and residence times, exchange rates with overlying sediment pore waters, and microbial processes along flow paths. We interpret spatial variations in the solute composition of formation waters to resolve areas that are geochemically distinct or similar, lateral trends that result from water transport, areas where water-rock reactions in the deeper crust are apparent, and sites of seawater recharge and formation water discharge. We provide evidence for large-scale lateral flow associated with two (mostly) buried basement ridges on ∼1.4 and ∼3.5 Ma seafloor, which are subparallel to the JDF spreading axis to the west. Between these two ridges, where the seafloor and the sediment-basement interface are relatively flat, formation waters have undergone extensive exchange with overlying sediment pore waters, consistent with a long residence time. Basaltic outcrops provide sites of seawater recharge and hydrothermal discharge, sometimes through the same feature, highlighting the heterogeneous nature of hydrogeologic conditions and processes. This work provides a blueprint for future plate-scale studies to assess, for example, geologic controls of crustal age, spreading rate, and sedimentation on subsurface hydrologic patterns.
Hydrothermal circulation of low temperature fluids within oceanic crust affects global biogeochemical cycles. We present data from a warm temperature (64°C) hydrothermal system on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge to assess whether chemical fluxes to the ocean from these systems arise from the basaltic crust or the overlying sediment pore waters. Extensive sampling of this system included fluid chemical data from deep sea drilling, gravity coring, and submersible operations from five sites on a buried ridge that is parallel to the spreading center to the west. These data were subjected to a transport (advection‐diffusion) model to constrain chemical and fluid fluxes along this five‐site transect. Solutes (K, Cl, sulfate, Ba, Sr, Cs, Mo, and Y) that are non reactive within the basaltic crust constrain the volumetric fluid flux per unit width within the basaltic crust from 0.05 to 0.2 m3 y‐1 cm‐1, consistent with a recent tracer study. Using this average fluid flux, reactive fluxes were determined for twenty‐four solutes and partitioned among seawater, sediment and basaltic sources and sinks. Only Ca, Ce, and Gd were released from basaltic basement to the ocean, whereas other solutes (sulfate, Mg, K, Li, Rb, Cd, U, Y, Yb, Gd, and La) were consumed in the basaltic crust, and still others (Cl, Ba, Sr, Cs, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, NH3, and Zn) had a sediment origin with a net flux to the ocean. Diffusive exchange with the overlying sediment had a greater impact than seawater‐basalt reactions for some solutes.
We present geochemical data from the first samples of spring fluids from Dorado Outcrop, a basaltic edifice on 23 M.y. old seafloor of the Cocos Plate, eastern Pacific Ocean. These samples were collected from the discharge of a cool hydrothermal system (CHS) on a ridge flank, where typical reaction temperatures in the volcanic crust are low (2–20 °C) and fluid residence times are short. Ridge-flank hydrothermal systems extract 25% of Earth’s lithospheric heat, with a global discharge rate equivalent to that of Earth’s river discharge to the ocean; CHSs comprise a significant fraction of this global flow. Upper crustal temperatures around Dorado Outcrop are ∼15 °C, the calculated residence time is <3 y, and the composition of discharging fluids is only slightly altered from bottom seawater. Many of the major ions concentrations in spring fluids are indistinguishable from those of bottom seawater; however, concentrations of Rb, Mo, V, U, Mg, phosphate, Si and Li are different. Applying these observed differences to calculated global CHS fluxes results in chemical fluxes for these ions that are ≥15% of riverine fluxes. Fluxes of K and B also may be significant, but better analytical resolution is required to confirm this result. Spring fluids also have ∼50% less dissolved oxygen (DO) than bottom seawater. Calculations of an analytical model suggest that the loss of DO occurs primarily (>80%) within the upper basaltic crust by biotic and/or abiotic consumption. This calculation demonstrates that permeable pathways within the upper crust can support oxic water–rock interactions for millions of years.
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/671260 |
|---|---|
| Download URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/671260/data/download |
| Media Type | text/tab-separated-values |
| Created | December 27, 2016 |
| Modified | July 3, 2017 |
| State | Final no updates expected |
| Brief Description | Pore fluid chemistry from gravity cores |
Gravity core sampling took place at Dorado Outcrop off the west coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean during the R/V Atlantis cruise AT26-24. For more information about operations of this cruise see the cruise page which contains a link to the cruise report (AT26-24).
Phosphate, N+N, silicate, and NH4, were all run at Oregon State University using standard colorimetric techniques. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was run at Oregon State University using coulometry. Remaining elements were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (ICPOES). Comparison of Si measured via the two techniques shows an offset with the colorimetric results being ~7 uM higher than the ICP-OES results.
The data have not been processed further.
BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
* BD indicates Below Detection
* blank values replaced with no data value ‘nd’
* added ,dive_date, dive_lat, dive_lon from information in the cruise report (Table 4)
Also referred to as an Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (ICP-AES). These instruments pass nebulised samples into an inductively-coupled gas plasma (8-10000 K) where they are atomised and excited. The de-excitation optical emissions at characteristic wavelengths are spectroscopically analysed. It is often used in the detection of trace metals.
Depth below sea floor of sample
depth below seafloor. Includes mbsf (meters below seafloor) and cmbsf (centimeters below seafloor).
Gravity core identifier
Core identification number or label; often used with ice, rock, sediment, or coral cores.
date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)
Alvin submersible dive latitude; north is positive
latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes
Alvin submersible dive longitude; east is positive
longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes
Orthophosphate (phosphate, reactive phosphorus), Various units.
Nitrate and Nitrite, µM (micromolar) or µg-at NO3-N and NO2-N/l
Silicate (Orthosilicic Acid), Si(OH)4, uM (micromolar) or ug-at Si(OH)4-Si/l (colloquially known as 'silicate') [Note: this parameter name was redefined to remove the parentheses.)
Ammonium and ammonia concentration parameters in any body of fresh or salt water.
Stable carbon isotope ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (13C/12C ratio in DIC).
Stable carbon isotope ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (13C/12C ratio in DIC).
Delta 13C (d13C) is the ratio of stable isotopes 13C:12C, reported in parts per thousand (per mil, 0/00).
Ba (Barium). May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
B (Boron) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Manganese (Mn). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Iron (Fe). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Silicon (Si). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Sr (Strontium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Concentration of a trace element in seawater. Does not include trace metals and metaloids. Refer to dataset for element name and units.
Sodium (Na). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Calcium (Ca). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Mg (magnesium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
K (potassium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
| Name | Affiliation | Contact |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| James McManus | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| Beth N. Orcutt | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Amber York | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) |
| Project Title | Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean |
|---|---|
| Acronym | Dorado Outcrop |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/627844 |
| Created | November 30, 2015 |
| Modified | December 1, 2015 |
Description from NSF award abstract:
Pristine fluids from a typical ridge-flank hydrothermal system have never been sampled, mainly because it has not been possible to locate a site of focused discharge where representative samples could be collected. The PIs have located a small basement feature, Dorado outcrop, on 23 m.y.-old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise that they plan to sample to determine the fluid composition, and to assess the rate of discharge from the outcrop, so that they can quantify the chemical impact of this hydrothermal system. They plan an 18-day expedition that combines the surveying capabilities of the AUV Sentry (bathymetric, sub-bottom sonar, photo mosaics, water column anomalies) and an ocean-class vessel capable of collecting high-quality multi-beam data and CTD samples, and supporting the survey and sampling capabilities of the ROV Jason II for collection of spring and plume fluids, heat flow data, sediment push cores, and still and video photography. These data and samples will be combined hopefully to generate the first well-constrained estimates of hydrothermal flows from Dorado outcrop. This expedition will result in the collection of samples and data from a “fire hose” of ridge-flank, hydrothermal system, challenging the commonly held view that discharge from ridge flank hydrothermal systems occurs primarily from diffuse seeps.
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS) | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | Principal Investigator |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | Principal Investigator |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/671242 |
|---|---|
| Download URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/671242/data/download |
| Media Type | text/tab-separated-values |
| Created | December 27, 2016 |
| Modified | July 3, 2017 |
| State | Final no updates expected |
| Brief Description | Pore fluid chemistry from push cores |
Push core sampling took place at Dorado Outcrop off the west coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean during the R/V Atlantis cruise AT26-24. For more information about operations of this cruise see the cruise page which contains a link to the cruise report (AT26-24).
Phosphate, N+N, silicate, and NH4, were all run at Oregon State University using standard colorimetric techniques. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was run at Oregon State University using coulometry. Remaining elements were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (ICPOES). Comparison of Si measured via the two techniques shows an offset with the colorimetric results being ~7 uM higher than the ICP-OES results.
The data have not been processed further.
BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
* BD indicates Below Detection
* blank values replaced with no data value ‘nd’
* added ,dive_date, dive_lat, dive_lon from information in the cruise report (Table 4)
Capable of being performed in numerous environments, push coring is just as it sounds. Push coring is simply pushing the core barrel (often an aluminum or polycarbonate tube) into the sediment by hand. A push core is useful in that it causes very little disturbance to the more delicate upper layers of a sub-aqueous sediment.
Description obtained from: http://web.whoi.edu/coastal-group/about/how-we-work/field-methods/coring/
Also referred to as an Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (ICP-AES). These instruments pass nebulised samples into an inductively-coupled gas plasma (8-10000 K) where they are atomised and excited. The de-excitation optical emissions at characteristic wavelengths are spectroscopically analysed. It is often used in the detection of trace metals.
depth below seafloor. Includes mbsf (meters below seafloor) and cmbsf (centimeters below seafloor).
Gravity core identifier
Core identification number or label; often used with ice, rock, sediment, or coral cores.
date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)
Alvin submersible dive latitude; north is positive
latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes
Alvin submersible dive longitude; east is positive
longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes
Orthophosphate (phosphate, reactive phosphorus), Various units.
Nitrate and Nitrite, µM (micromolar) or µg-at NO3-N and NO2-N/l
Silicate (Orthosilicic Acid), Si(OH)4, uM (micromolar) or ug-at Si(OH)4-Si/l (colloquially known as 'silicate') [Note: this parameter name was redefined to remove the parentheses.)
Ammonium and ammonia concentration parameters in any body of fresh or salt water.
Stable carbon isotope ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (13C/12C ratio in DIC).
Stable carbon isotope ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (13C/12C ratio in DIC).
Ba (Barium). May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
B (Boron) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Manganese (Mn). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Iron (Fe). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Silicon (Si). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Sr (Strontium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Concentration of a trace element in seawater. Does not include trace metals and metaloids. Refer to dataset for element name and units.
Sodium (Na). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Calcium (Ca). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Mg (magnesium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
K (potassium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
| Name | Affiliation | Contact |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| James McManus | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| Beth N. Orcutt | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Amber York | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) |
| Project Title | Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean |
|---|---|
| Acronym | Dorado Outcrop |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/627844 |
| Created | November 30, 2015 |
| Modified | December 1, 2015 |
Description from NSF award abstract:
Pristine fluids from a typical ridge-flank hydrothermal system have never been sampled, mainly because it has not been possible to locate a site of focused discharge where representative samples could be collected. The PIs have located a small basement feature, Dorado outcrop, on 23 m.y.-old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise that they plan to sample to determine the fluid composition, and to assess the rate of discharge from the outcrop, so that they can quantify the chemical impact of this hydrothermal system. They plan an 18-day expedition that combines the surveying capabilities of the AUV Sentry (bathymetric, sub-bottom sonar, photo mosaics, water column anomalies) and an ocean-class vessel capable of collecting high-quality multi-beam data and CTD samples, and supporting the survey and sampling capabilities of the ROV Jason II for collection of spring and plume fluids, heat flow data, sediment push cores, and still and video photography. These data and samples will be combined hopefully to generate the first well-constrained estimates of hydrothermal flows from Dorado outcrop. This expedition will result in the collection of samples and data from a “fire hose” of ridge-flank, hydrothermal system, challenging the commonly held view that discharge from ridge flank hydrothermal systems occurs primarily from diffuse seeps.
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS) | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | Principal Investigator |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | Principal Investigator |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/671225 |
|---|---|
| Download URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/671225/data/download |
| Media Type | text/tab-separated-values |
| Created | December 27, 2016 |
| Modified | July 3, 2017 |
| State | Final no updates expected |
| Brief Description | Solid phase chemistry from push cores |
Push core sampling took place at Dorado Outcrop off the west coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean during the R/V Atlantis cruise AT26-24. For more information about operations of this cruise see the cruise page which contains a link to the cruise report (AT26-24).
Total inorganic carbon (TIC) was measured using coulometry and CaCO3 is calculated from this value. Organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) were measured on a Perkin Elmer Series II 2400 CHNS/O analyzer. The Fe, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn represent results from dithionite extractions (see Roy et al., 2012, Continental Shelf Research, 54, 67-79). Metals were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (ICPOES) at the University of Akron. d13C was measured on a Carlo Erba NA-1500 elemental analyzer connected to a DeltaPlus XL mass spectrometer at Oregon State University.
The data have not been processed further.
BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
* BD indicates Below Detection
* blank values replaced with no data value ‘nd’
* added dive_date,dive_id,dive_lat,dive_lon from information in the cruise report (Table 4)
Capable of being performed in numerous environments, push coring is just as it sounds. Push coring is simply pushing the core barrel (often an aluminum or polycarbonate tube) into the sediment by hand. A push core is useful in that it causes very little disturbance to the more delicate upper layers of a sub-aqueous sediment.
Description obtained from: http://web.whoi.edu/coastal-group/about/how-we-work/field-methods/coring/
Also referred to as an Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (ICP-AES). These instruments pass nebulised samples into an inductively-coupled gas plasma (8-10000 K) where they are atomised and excited. The de-excitation optical emissions at characteristic wavelengths are spectroscopically analysed. It is often used in the detection of trace metals.
Instruments that quantify carbon, nitrogen and sometimes other elements by combusting the sample at very high temperature and assaying the resulting gaseous oxides. Usually used for samples including organic material.
Carlo Erba NA-1500 elemental analyzer connected to a DeltaPlus XL mass spectrometer.
Instruments that quantify carbon, nitrogen and sometimes other elements by combusting the sample at very high temperature and assaying the resulting gaseous oxides. Usually used for samples including organic material.
Core identification number or label; often used with ice, rock, sediment, or coral cores.
date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)
Approximate latitude of Alvin Dive.
latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes
Approximate longitude of Alvin dive.
longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes
Calcium Carbonate, in sediments as percent; or CaCO3 from water samples reported in various units; CAUTION measured in sediment and water column samples
Calcium Carbonate, in sediments as percent; or CaCO3 from water samples reported in various units; CAUTION measured in sediment and water column samples
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
Concentration of a trace element in seawater. Does not include trace metals and metaloids. Refer to dataset for element name and units.
Concentration of a trace element in seawater. Does not include trace metals and metaloids. Refer to dataset for element name and units.
Delta 13C (d13C) is the ratio of stable isotopes 13C:12C, reported in parts per thousand (per mil, 0/00).
| Name | Affiliation | Contact |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| James McManus | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| Beth N. Orcutt | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Amber York | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) |
| Project Title | Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean |
|---|---|
| Acronym | Dorado Outcrop |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/627844 |
| Created | November 30, 2015 |
| Modified | December 1, 2015 |
Description from NSF award abstract:
Pristine fluids from a typical ridge-flank hydrothermal system have never been sampled, mainly because it has not been possible to locate a site of focused discharge where representative samples could be collected. The PIs have located a small basement feature, Dorado outcrop, on 23 m.y.-old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise that they plan to sample to determine the fluid composition, and to assess the rate of discharge from the outcrop, so that they can quantify the chemical impact of this hydrothermal system. They plan an 18-day expedition that combines the surveying capabilities of the AUV Sentry (bathymetric, sub-bottom sonar, photo mosaics, water column anomalies) and an ocean-class vessel capable of collecting high-quality multi-beam data and CTD samples, and supporting the survey and sampling capabilities of the ROV Jason II for collection of spring and plume fluids, heat flow data, sediment push cores, and still and video photography. These data and samples will be combined hopefully to generate the first well-constrained estimates of hydrothermal flows from Dorado outcrop. This expedition will result in the collection of samples and data from a “fire hose” of ridge-flank, hydrothermal system, challenging the commonly held view that discharge from ridge flank hydrothermal systems occurs primarily from diffuse seeps.
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS) | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | Principal Investigator |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | Principal Investigator |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/671199 |
|---|---|
| Download URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/671199/data/download |
| Media Type | text/tab-separated-values |
| Created | December 27, 2016 |
| Modified | July 3, 2017 |
| State | Final no updates expected |
| Brief Description | Solid phase chemistry from gravity cores |
Gravity core sampling took place at Dorado Outcrop off the west coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean during the R/V Atlantis cruise AT26-24. For more information about operations of this cruise see the cruise page which contains a link to the cruise report (AT26-24).
Total inorganic carbon (TIC) was measured using coulometry and CaCO3 is calculated from this value. Organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) were measured on a Perkin Elmer Series II 2400 CHNS/O analyzer. The Fe, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn represent results from dithionite extractions (see Roy et al., 2012, Continental Shelf Research, 54, 67-79). Metals were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (ICPOES) at the University of Akron. d13C was measured on a Carlo Erba NA-1500 elemental analyzer connected to a DeltaPlus XL mass spectrometer at Oregon State University.
The data have not been processed further.
BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
* BD indicates Below Detection
* blank values replaced with no data value ‘nd’
* added dive_id,dive_date,dive_lat, and dive_lon from information in the cruise report (Table 4)
Also referred to as an Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (ICP-AES). These instruments pass nebulised samples into an inductively-coupled gas plasma (8-10000 K) where they are atomised and excited. The de-excitation optical emissions at characteristic wavelengths are spectroscopically analysed. It is often used in the detection of trace metals.
Instruments that quantify carbon, nitrogen and sometimes other elements by combusting the sample at very high temperature and assaying the resulting gaseous oxides. Usually used for samples including organic material.
Carlo Erba NA-1500 elemental analyzer connected to a DeltaPlus XL mass spectrometer.
Instruments that quantify carbon, nitrogen and sometimes other elements by combusting the sample at very high temperature and assaying the resulting gaseous oxides. Usually used for samples including organic material.
Gravity core identifier
Core identification number or label; often used with ice, rock, sediment, or coral cores.
date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)
Alvin submersible dive latitude; north is positive
latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes
Alvin submersible dive longitude; east is positive
longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes
Calcium Carbonate, in sediments as percent; or CaCO3 from water samples reported in various units; CAUTION measured in sediment and water column samples
Calcium Carbonate, in sediments as percent; or CaCO3 from water samples reported in various units; CAUTION measured in sediment and water column samples
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
Concentration of a trace element in seawater. Does not include trace metals and metaloids. Refer to dataset for element name and units.
Concentration of a trace element in seawater. Does not include trace metals and metaloids. Refer to dataset for element name and units.
Delta 13C (d13C) is the ratio of stable isotopes 13C:12C, reported in parts per thousand (per mil, 0/00).
Delta 13C (d13C) is the ratio of stable isotopes 13C:12C, reported in parts per thousand (per mil, 0/00).
| Name | Affiliation | Contact |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| James McManus | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| Beth N. Orcutt | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Amber York | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) |
| Project Title | Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean |
|---|---|
| Acronym | Dorado Outcrop |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/627844 |
| Created | November 30, 2015 |
| Modified | December 1, 2015 |
Description from NSF award abstract:
Pristine fluids from a typical ridge-flank hydrothermal system have never been sampled, mainly because it has not been possible to locate a site of focused discharge where representative samples could be collected. The PIs have located a small basement feature, Dorado outcrop, on 23 m.y.-old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise that they plan to sample to determine the fluid composition, and to assess the rate of discharge from the outcrop, so that they can quantify the chemical impact of this hydrothermal system. They plan an 18-day expedition that combines the surveying capabilities of the AUV Sentry (bathymetric, sub-bottom sonar, photo mosaics, water column anomalies) and an ocean-class vessel capable of collecting high-quality multi-beam data and CTD samples, and supporting the survey and sampling capabilities of the ROV Jason II for collection of spring and plume fluids, heat flow data, sediment push cores, and still and video photography. These data and samples will be combined hopefully to generate the first well-constrained estimates of hydrothermal flows from Dorado outcrop. This expedition will result in the collection of samples and data from a “fire hose” of ridge-flank, hydrothermal system, challenging the commonly held view that discharge from ridge flank hydrothermal systems occurs primarily from diffuse seeps.
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS) | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | Principal Investigator |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | Principal Investigator |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/664454 |
|---|---|
| Download URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/664454/data/download |
| Media Type | text/tab-separated-values |
| Created | November 10, 2016 |
| Modified | July 3, 2017 |
| State | Final no updates expected |
| Brief Description | Chemistry from discrete samples of hydrothermal springs |
Syringe samples of hydrothermal water were collected during Alvin dives.
The Alvin dives were conducted off the west coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean at Dorado Outcrop during the R/V Atlantis cruise AT26-24. For more information about operations of this cruise see the cruise pages which contain links to cruise reports (AT26-24)
Chemical Measurements:
All fluids were measured using established standard protocols. At sea, alkalinity was determined potentiometrically via titration with 0.1N hydrochloric acid; a pH measurement is conducted as part of this procedure. An Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (ICPOES) was used to measure Na, K, Sr, Li, Mg, Ca, and S with a 1:200 dilution and Sr, Li, Fe, Mn, and B with a 1:25 dilution in 1% nitric acid. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyze Rb, Cs, Ba, Mo, V and U with a 1:75 dilution in 3% nitric acid. Nutrients (silicate, phosphate, total nitrogen and nitrate) were measured at Oregon State University using standard colorimetric, automated, segmented flow procedures. Chlorinity was determined potentiometrically via titration with silver nitrate. Carbon analyses were conducted at Oregon State University
The data have not been processed further.
BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
* added lat, lon, and date of Alvin dives as listed in the Alvin Dive Log
A device that collects an in-situ discrete water sample from any depth and returns it to the surface without contamination by the waters through which it passes, such as a water bottle.
Also referred to as an Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (ICP-AES). These instruments pass nebulised samples into an inductively-coupled gas plasma (8-10000 K) where they are atomised and excited. The de-excitation optical emissions at characteristic wavelengths are spectroscopically analysed. It is often used in the detection of trace metals.
date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)
Alvin submersible dive latitude; north is positive
latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes
Alvin submersible dive longitude; east is positive
longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes
Sample identifier
unique sample identification or number; any combination of alpha numeric characters; precise definition is file dependent
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
Stable carbon isotope ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (13C/12C ratio in DIC).
Stable carbon isotope ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (13C/12C ratio in DIC).
Molybdenum (Mo). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
V (Vanadium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
A measure of chloride content (Cl).
Rb (rubidium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Cs (Cesium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
U (Uranium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Nitrate and Nitrite, µM (micromolar) or µg-at NO3-N and NO2-N/l
Silicate (Orthosilicic Acid), Si(OH)4, uM (micromolar) or ug-at Si(OH)4-Si/l (colloquially known as 'silicate') [Note: this parameter name was redefined to remove the parentheses.)
Sr (Strontium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Li (Lithium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Concentration of a trace element in seawater. Does not include trace metals and metaloids. Refer to dataset for element name and units.
Sodium (Na). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Calcium (Ca). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Mg (magnesium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
K (potassium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
B (Boron) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Manganese (Mn). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
| Name | Affiliation | Contact |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| James McManus | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| Beth N. Orcutt | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Amber York | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) |
| Project Title | Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean |
|---|---|
| Acronym | Dorado Outcrop |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/627844 |
| Created | November 30, 2015 |
| Modified | December 1, 2015 |
Description from NSF award abstract:
Pristine fluids from a typical ridge-flank hydrothermal system have never been sampled, mainly because it has not been possible to locate a site of focused discharge where representative samples could be collected. The PIs have located a small basement feature, Dorado outcrop, on 23 m.y.-old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise that they plan to sample to determine the fluid composition, and to assess the rate of discharge from the outcrop, so that they can quantify the chemical impact of this hydrothermal system. They plan an 18-day expedition that combines the surveying capabilities of the AUV Sentry (bathymetric, sub-bottom sonar, photo mosaics, water column anomalies) and an ocean-class vessel capable of collecting high-quality multi-beam data and CTD samples, and supporting the survey and sampling capabilities of the ROV Jason II for collection of spring and plume fluids, heat flow data, sediment push cores, and still and video photography. These data and samples will be combined hopefully to generate the first well-constrained estimates of hydrothermal flows from Dorado outcrop. This expedition will result in the collection of samples and data from a “fire hose” of ridge-flank, hydrothermal system, challenging the commonly held view that discharge from ridge flank hydrothermal systems occurs primarily from diffuse seeps.
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS) | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | Principal Investigator |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | Principal Investigator |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/664422 |
|---|---|
| Download URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/664422/data/download |
| Media Type | text/tab-separated-values |
| Created | November 10, 2016 |
| Modified | July 3, 2017 |
| State | Final no updates expected |
| Brief Description | DO of pore water from sediment gravity and push cores |
Sampling took place at Dorado Outcrop off the west coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean during the R/V Atlantis cruises AT26-09 and AT26-24. For more information about operations of this cruise see the cruise pages which contain links to cruise reports ( AT26-09, AT26-24).
Dissolved oxygen (DO) was measured at-sea in pore waters from sediment gravity cores and cores collected by the submersible ALVIN with a needle-type oxygen optode inserted radially into sediment cores, following published protocols (e.g., Orcutt et al., 2013).
Reference:
Orcutt, B. N., Wheat, C. G., Rouxel, O., Hulme, S., Edwards, K. J., Bach, W., 2013. Oxygen Consumption rates in subseafloor basaltic crust derived from a reaction transport model, Nature Comm., published 27 Sep 2013, pg. 1-8, doi:10.1038/ncomms3539.
The data have not been processed further.
BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
* blank values replaced with no data value ‘nd’
* added approximate lat/lon values for Dorado Outcrop sample site
Capable of being performed in numerous environments, push coring is just as it sounds. Push coring is simply pushing the core barrel (often an aluminum or polycarbonate tube) into the sediment by hand. A push core is useful in that it causes very little disturbance to the more delicate upper layers of a sub-aqueous sediment.
Description obtained from: http://web.whoi.edu/coastal-group/about/how-we-work/field-methods/coring/
Approximate latitude of Dorado Outcrop
latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes
Approximate longitude of Dorado Outcrop
longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes
Core identifier
Core identification number or label; often used with ice, rock, sediment, or coral cores.
Depth in core sample
Dissolved oxygen
Oxygen; dissolved; reported in units of micromoles/liter
| Name | Affiliation | Contact |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| James McManus | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| Beth N. Orcutt | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Amber York | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) |
| Project Title | Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean |
|---|---|
| Acronym | Dorado Outcrop |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/627844 |
| Created | November 30, 2015 |
| Modified | December 1, 2015 |
Description from NSF award abstract:
Pristine fluids from a typical ridge-flank hydrothermal system have never been sampled, mainly because it has not been possible to locate a site of focused discharge where representative samples could be collected. The PIs have located a small basement feature, Dorado outcrop, on 23 m.y.-old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise that they plan to sample to determine the fluid composition, and to assess the rate of discharge from the outcrop, so that they can quantify the chemical impact of this hydrothermal system. They plan an 18-day expedition that combines the surveying capabilities of the AUV Sentry (bathymetric, sub-bottom sonar, photo mosaics, water column anomalies) and an ocean-class vessel capable of collecting high-quality multi-beam data and CTD samples, and supporting the survey and sampling capabilities of the ROV Jason II for collection of spring and plume fluids, heat flow data, sediment push cores, and still and video photography. These data and samples will be combined hopefully to generate the first well-constrained estimates of hydrothermal flows from Dorado outcrop. This expedition will result in the collection of samples and data from a “fire hose” of ridge-flank, hydrothermal system, challenging the commonly held view that discharge from ridge flank hydrothermal systems occurs primarily from diffuse seeps.
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS) | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | Principal Investigator |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | Principal Investigator |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/664335 |
|---|---|
| Download URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/664335/data/download |
| Media Type | text/tab-separated-values |
| Created | November 10, 2016 |
| Modified | July 3, 2017 |
| State | Final no updates expected |
| Brief Description | Discrete temperature and DO measured with Alvin |
Temperature measurements were made with the thermal couple on board the HOV Alvin. The dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured with an Aanderra optode.
The Alvin dives were conducted off the west coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean at Dorado Outcrop during the R/V Atlantis cruise AT26-24. For more information about operations of this cruise see the cruise pages which contain links to cruise reports (AT26-24)
The data have not been processed further.
BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
* added lat/lon of Alvin dives as listed in the Alvin Dive Log
Discrete measurements of temperature were made with the thermal couple on board the HOV Alvin.
Records temperature data over a period of time.
Dive identifier for Alvin dive
Date (UTC) in format yyyy-mm-dd
date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)
Latitude of Alvin dive where measurement was taken
latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes
Longitude of Alvin dive where measurement was taken; west is negative.
longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes
Temperature
Dissolved oxygen
Oxygen; dissolved; reported in units of micromoles/liter
| Name | Affiliation | Contact |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| James McManus | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| Beth N. Orcutt | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Amber York | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) |
| Project Title | Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean |
|---|---|
| Acronym | Dorado Outcrop |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/627844 |
| Created | November 30, 2015 |
| Modified | December 1, 2015 |
Description from NSF award abstract:
Pristine fluids from a typical ridge-flank hydrothermal system have never been sampled, mainly because it has not been possible to locate a site of focused discharge where representative samples could be collected. The PIs have located a small basement feature, Dorado outcrop, on 23 m.y.-old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise that they plan to sample to determine the fluid composition, and to assess the rate of discharge from the outcrop, so that they can quantify the chemical impact of this hydrothermal system. They plan an 18-day expedition that combines the surveying capabilities of the AUV Sentry (bathymetric, sub-bottom sonar, photo mosaics, water column anomalies) and an ocean-class vessel capable of collecting high-quality multi-beam data and CTD samples, and supporting the survey and sampling capabilities of the ROV Jason II for collection of spring and plume fluids, heat flow data, sediment push cores, and still and video photography. These data and samples will be combined hopefully to generate the first well-constrained estimates of hydrothermal flows from Dorado outcrop. This expedition will result in the collection of samples and data from a “fire hose” of ridge-flank, hydrothermal system, challenging the commonly held view that discharge from ridge flank hydrothermal systems occurs primarily from diffuse seeps.
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS) | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | Principal Investigator |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | Principal Investigator |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/662060 |
|---|---|
| Download URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/662060/data/download |
| Media Type | text/tab-separated-values |
| Created | October 20, 2016 |
| Modified | July 3, 2017 |
| State | Final no updates expected |
| Brief Description | DO and temperature from soloDO logger measured with Alvin |
In situ sensor data was collected by Alvin with the soloDO logger (RBR Ltd., Canada). The prototype recorded temperature using an internal RBR probe (0.0018 C resolution), and dissolved oxygen using an Aandera DO probe.
The R/V Atlantis cruise AT26-24 went to Dorado Outcrop off the west coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean at location 9 degrees 5.5 minutes north, 87 degrees 6.0 minutes west. For more information about operations of this cruise see the AT26-24 deployment page and cruise report.
The data have not been processed further.
BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
Prototype of the soloDO logger (RBR Ltd., Canada) also measured temperature.
Records temperature data over a period of time.
Prototype of the soloDO logger (RBR Ltd., Canada).
Instrument deployment name includes the order (first or second) of deployment and location; R indicates Marker R and KW indicates the deployment was between markers K and W.
deployment number; often associated with sediment trap deployments
Date/Time (UTC) ISO formatted
This standard is based on ISO 8601:2004(E) and takes on any of the following forms:
2009-08-30T09:05:00[.xx] (local time)
2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)
2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]-05:00
The dashes and the colons can be dropped.
The T can also be dropped "by mutual agreement", but one needs the trailing Z if the time is UTC.
Sample ISO_datetime_utc:
2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)
Temperature
Oxygen; dissolved; reported in units of micromoles/liter
Approximate latitude of sampling area (Dorado Outcrop)
latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes
Approximate longitude of sampling area (Dorado Outcrop); west is negative
longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes
Date (UTC) in format yyyy-mm-dd
date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)
Time (UTC) in format HHMM
| Name | Affiliation | Contact |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| James McManus | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| Beth N. Orcutt | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Amber York | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) |
| Project Title | Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean |
|---|---|
| Acronym | Dorado Outcrop |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/627844 |
| Created | November 30, 2015 |
| Modified | December 1, 2015 |
Description from NSF award abstract:
Pristine fluids from a typical ridge-flank hydrothermal system have never been sampled, mainly because it has not been possible to locate a site of focused discharge where representative samples could be collected. The PIs have located a small basement feature, Dorado outcrop, on 23 m.y.-old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise that they plan to sample to determine the fluid composition, and to assess the rate of discharge from the outcrop, so that they can quantify the chemical impact of this hydrothermal system. They plan an 18-day expedition that combines the surveying capabilities of the AUV Sentry (bathymetric, sub-bottom sonar, photo mosaics, water column anomalies) and an ocean-class vessel capable of collecting high-quality multi-beam data and CTD samples, and supporting the survey and sampling capabilities of the ROV Jason II for collection of spring and plume fluids, heat flow data, sediment push cores, and still and video photography. These data and samples will be combined hopefully to generate the first well-constrained estimates of hydrothermal flows from Dorado outcrop. This expedition will result in the collection of samples and data from a “fire hose” of ridge-flank, hydrothermal system, challenging the commonly held view that discharge from ridge flank hydrothermal systems occurs primarily from diffuse seeps.
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS) | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | Principal Investigator |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | Principal Investigator |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/661921 |
|---|---|
| Download URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/661921/data/download |
| Media Type | text/tab-separated-values |
| Created | October 19, 2016 |
| Modified | July 3, 2017 |
| State | Final no updates expected |
| Brief Description | Continuous temperature at marker K |
This temperature record was collected by a HOBO temperature logger deployed in conjunction with the green OsmoSampler that was deployed at Marker K. To access data from the OsmoSamplers see the OsmoSampler fluid chemistry dataset page. The temperature logger deployments were made off the west coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean at Dorado Outcrop during the R/V Atlantis cruise AT26-09 and recovered during the cruise AT26-24. For more information about operations of this cruise see the cruise pages which contain links to cruise reports (AT26-24, AT26-09)
The temperature logger was started before the deployment and was turned off upon recovery on the ship. Increased temperatures relating to deployment and retrieval can be seen in the data.
The data have not been processed further.
BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
* blank values replaced with no data value ‘nd’
* added approximate lat/lon values for Dorado Outcrop sample site
* ISO Date format generated from Date and Time values
Onset Computer Corporation HOBO model U12-015 modified with a titanium pressure case and long-life battery for use in the deep sea. The Onset tools have a working range of –40–100C but a lower resolution (0.02–0.1C across their working range)
Records temperature data over a period of time.
Date/time (UTC) in ISO format YYYY-mm-ddTHH:MM:SS[.xx]
Date/Time (UTC) ISO formatted
This standard is based on ISO 8601:2004(E) and takes on any of the following forms:
2009-08-30T09:05:00[.xx] (local time)
2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)
2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]-05:00
The dashes and the colons can be dropped.
The T can also be dropped "by mutual agreement", but one needs the trailing Z if the time is UTC.
Sample ISO_datetime_utc:
2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)
Approximate latitude of sampling area (Dorado Outcrop)
latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes
Approximate longitude of sampling area (Dorado Outcrop); west is negative
longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes
Date (UTC) in format yyyy-mm-dd
date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)
| Name | Affiliation | Contact |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| James McManus | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| Beth N. Orcutt | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Amber York | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) |
| Project Title | Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean |
|---|---|
| Acronym | Dorado Outcrop |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/627844 |
| Created | November 30, 2015 |
| Modified | December 1, 2015 |
Description from NSF award abstract:
Pristine fluids from a typical ridge-flank hydrothermal system have never been sampled, mainly because it has not been possible to locate a site of focused discharge where representative samples could be collected. The PIs have located a small basement feature, Dorado outcrop, on 23 m.y.-old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise that they plan to sample to determine the fluid composition, and to assess the rate of discharge from the outcrop, so that they can quantify the chemical impact of this hydrothermal system. They plan an 18-day expedition that combines the surveying capabilities of the AUV Sentry (bathymetric, sub-bottom sonar, photo mosaics, water column anomalies) and an ocean-class vessel capable of collecting high-quality multi-beam data and CTD samples, and supporting the survey and sampling capabilities of the ROV Jason II for collection of spring and plume fluids, heat flow data, sediment push cores, and still and video photography. These data and samples will be combined hopefully to generate the first well-constrained estimates of hydrothermal flows from Dorado outcrop. This expedition will result in the collection of samples and data from a “fire hose” of ridge-flank, hydrothermal system, challenging the commonly held view that discharge from ridge flank hydrothermal systems occurs primarily from diffuse seeps.
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS) | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | Principal Investigator |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | Principal Investigator |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/661481 |
|---|---|
| Download URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/661481/data/download |
| Media Type | text/tab-separated-values |
| Created | October 12, 2016 |
| Modified | July 3, 2017 |
| State | Final no updates expected |
| Brief Description | Spring and pore fluid chemistry from samples taken by OsmoSamplers |
Continuous fluid samplers (OsmoSamplers) included a 12-membrane pump and one coil of Teflon tubing that was 300-m-long and small bore (1.1 mm ID). The tubing was initially filled with 18 MΩ distilled water. Upon retrieval, the Teflon coil was cut in 1.1 m lengths and the fluid was expelled into hot acid cleaned plastic microcentrifuge tubes. For more information about OsmoSamplers see the instruments page.
The R/V Atlantis cruise AT26-09 (2013 Jason/Sentry Expedition) deployed the OsmoSamplers. They were deployed for almost a full year. The R/V Atlantis cruise AT26-24 recovered the OsmoSamplers. Dorado Outcrop is off the west coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean at location 9 degrees 5.5 minutes north, 87 degrees 6.0 minutes west. For more information about operations of this cruise see the expedition reports and cruise information (AT26-24, AT26-09).
Other than converting signal counts, voltages, etc. to concentrations, the data have not been processed further.
BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
* added conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
* added fields for OsmoSampler_name, date_deployed, date_recovered, location (e.g. Marker_K) from information in comments of original files submitted.
* Date format converted to ISO Date format
OsmoSamplers are long-term osmotically pumped fluid samplers. For more information see the following reference:
Jannasch Hans W. , Wheat C. Geoff , Plant Josh N. , Kastner Miriam , Stakes Debra S. , (2004),Continuous chemical monitoring with osmotically pumped water samplers: OsmoSampler design and applications, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 2, doi:10.4319/lom.2004.2.102.
A pump that uses osmotic pressure to collect water samples.
An example of an osmotic pump is an OsmoSampler (Jannasch et al., 2004) which has no electrical or mechanical parts.
References:
Jannasch Hans W. , Wheat C. Geoff , Plant Josh N. , Kastner Miriam , Stakes Debra S. , (2004),Continuous chemical monitoring with osmotically pumped water samplers: OsmoSampler design and applications, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 2, doi:10.4319/lom.2004.2.102.
Name of the OsmoSampler Instrument
Date of OsmoSampler deployment in ISO format YYYY-mm-dd
date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)
Date of OsmoSampler recovery in ISO format YYYY-mm-dd
date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)
Sample number
unique sample identification or number; any combination of alpha numeric characters; precise definition is file dependent
Date of chemical analysis in ISO format YYYY-mm-dd
date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)
Standard deviation of dissolved inorganic carbon
Stable carbon isotope ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (13C/12C ratio in DIC).
Standard deviation of the stable carbon isotope ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (13C/12C ratio in DIC)
V (Vanadium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Rb (rubidium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Molybdenum (Mo). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Cs (Cesium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Ba (Barium). May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
U (Uranium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Silicon concentration
Silicon (Si). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Sr (Strontium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Li (Lithium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Concentration of a trace element in seawater. Does not include trace metals and metaloids. Refer to dataset for element name and units.
Sodium (Na). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Calcium (Ca). Concentrations may be reported in parts per million, nanomoles per liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Mg (magnesium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
K (potassium) concentration. May be reported in parts per million, nanomoles/Liter, or other units. Refer to dataset metadata for units.
Approximate latitude of sampling area Dorado Outcrop
latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes
| Name | Affiliation | Contact |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| James McManus | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) | ✓ |
| Beth N. Orcutt | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of Akron (UAkron) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Amber York | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | |
| Amber York | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) |
| Project Title | Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean |
|---|---|
| Acronym | Dorado Outcrop |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/627844 |
| Created | November 30, 2015 |
| Modified | December 1, 2015 |
Description from NSF award abstract:
Pristine fluids from a typical ridge-flank hydrothermal system have never been sampled, mainly because it has not been possible to locate a site of focused discharge where representative samples could be collected. The PIs have located a small basement feature, Dorado outcrop, on 23 m.y.-old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise that they plan to sample to determine the fluid composition, and to assess the rate of discharge from the outcrop, so that they can quantify the chemical impact of this hydrothermal system. They plan an 18-day expedition that combines the surveying capabilities of the AUV Sentry (bathymetric, sub-bottom sonar, photo mosaics, water column anomalies) and an ocean-class vessel capable of collecting high-quality multi-beam data and CTD samples, and supporting the survey and sampling capabilities of the ROV Jason II for collection of spring and plume fluids, heat flow data, sediment push cores, and still and video photography. These data and samples will be combined hopefully to generate the first well-constrained estimates of hydrothermal flows from Dorado outcrop. This expedition will result in the collection of samples and data from a “fire hose” of ridge-flank, hydrothermal system, challenging the commonly held view that discharge from ridge flank hydrothermal systems occurs primarily from diffuse seeps.
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS) | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | Principal Investigator |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | Principal Investigator |
| Project Title | Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean |
|---|---|
| Acronym | Dorado Outcrop |
| URL | https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/627844 |
| Created | November 30, 2015 |
| Modified | December 1, 2015 |
Description from NSF award abstract:
Pristine fluids from a typical ridge-flank hydrothermal system have never been sampled, mainly because it has not been possible to locate a site of focused discharge where representative samples could be collected. The PIs have located a small basement feature, Dorado outcrop, on 23 m.y.-old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise that they plan to sample to determine the fluid composition, and to assess the rate of discharge from the outcrop, so that they can quantify the chemical impact of this hydrothermal system. They plan an 18-day expedition that combines the surveying capabilities of the AUV Sentry (bathymetric, sub-bottom sonar, photo mosaics, water column anomalies) and an ocean-class vessel capable of collecting high-quality multi-beam data and CTD samples, and supporting the survey and sampling capabilities of the ROV Jason II for collection of spring and plume fluids, heat flow data, sediment push cores, and still and video photography. These data and samples will be combined hopefully to generate the first well-constrained estimates of hydrothermal flows from Dorado outcrop. This expedition will result in the collection of samples and data from a “fire hose” of ridge-flank, hydrothermal system, challenging the commonly held view that discharge from ridge flank hydrothermal systems occurs primarily from diffuse seeps.
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Geoffrey Wheat | University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-IMS) | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew T. Fisher | University of California-Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz) | Principal Investigator |
| Samuel M. Hulme | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) | Principal Investigator |
The rock-hosted, oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth, yet little is known about its indigenous microorganisms. Here we provide the first phylogenetic and functional description of an active microbial community residing in the cold oxic crustal aquifer. Using subseafloor observatories, we recovered crustal fluids and found that the geochemical composition is similar to bottom seawater, as are cell abundances. However, based on relative abundances and functional potential of key bacterial groups, the crustal fluid microbial community is heterogeneous and markedly distinct from seawater. Potential rates of autotrophy and heterotrophy in the crust exceeded those of seawater, especially at elevated temperatures (25 °C) and deeper in the crust. Together, these results reveal an active, distinct, and diverse bacterial community engaged in both heterotrophy and autotrophy in the oxygenated crustal aquifer, providing key insight into the role of microbial communities in the ubiquitous cold dark subseafloor biosphere.
To examine microbe-mineral interactions in subsurface oceanic crust, we evaluated microbial colonization on crustal minerals that were incubated in borehole fluids for 1 year at the seafloor wellhead of a crustal borehole observatory (IODP Hole U1301A, Juan de Fuca Ridge flank) as compared to an experiment that was not exposed to subsurface crustal fluids (at nearby IODP Hole U1301B). In comparison to previous studies at these same sites, this approach allowed assessment of the effects of temperature, fluid chemistry, and/or mineralogy on colonization patterns of different mineral substrates, and an opportunity to verify the approach of deploying colonization experiments at an observatory wellhead at the seafloor instead of within the borehole. The Hole U1301B deployment did not have biofilm growth, based on microscopy and DNA extraction, thereby confirming the integrity of the colonization design against bottom seawater intrusion. In contrast, the Hole U1301A deployment supported biofilms dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (43.5% of 370 16S rRNA gene clone sequences) and Gammaproteobacteria (29.3%). Sequence analysis revealed overlap in microbial communities between different minerals incubated at the Hole U1301A wellhead, indicating that mineralogy did not separate biofilm structure within the 1-year colonization experiment. Differences in the Hole U1301A wellhead biofilm community composition relative to previous studies from within the borehole using similar mineral substrates suggest that temperature and the diffusion of dissolved oxygen through plastic components influenced the mineral colonization experiments positioned at the wellhead. This highlights the capacity of low abundance crustal fluid taxa to rapidly establish communities on diverse mineral substrates under changing environmental conditions such as from temperature and oxygen.
An international group of scientists embark on a journey into the depths of the Atlantic Ocean, using cutting edge technologies in the search of the origins of life.
Oceanic crust is the largest potential habitat for life on Earth and may contain a significant fraction of Earth’s total microbial biomass; yet, empirical analysis of reaction rates in basaltic crust is lacking. Here we report the first assessment of oxygen consumption in young (~8 Ma) and cool (<25 °C) basaltic crust, which we calculate from modelling dissolved oxygen and strontium pore water gradients in basal sediments collected during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 336 to ‘North Pond’ on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Dissolved oxygen is completely consumed within the upper to middle section of the sediment column, with an increase in concentration towards the sediment–basement interface, indicating an upward supply from oxic fluids circulating within the crust. A parametric reaction transport model of oxygen behaviour in upper basement suggests oxygen consumption rates of 1 nmol cm−3ROCK d−1 or less in young and cool basaltic crust.
Systematic differences in sediment thermal and pore water chemical profiles from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1363 document mixing and reaction within the basaltic crust adjacent to Grizzly Bare outcrop, a site of hydrothermal recharge into 3.6 My‐old basaltic crust. A transect of seven holes was drilled ~50 m to ~750 m away from the base of the outcrop. Temperatures at the sediment‐basement interface increase from ~6°C to >30°C with increasing distance from the outcrop, and heat flow is suppressed within several hundred meters from the outcrop. Calculated fluid compositions at the sediment‐basement interface are generally explained by mixing between bottom seawater and altered crustal basement fluids, with a composition similar but not identical to fluids from seeps at Baby Bare outcrop, located ~45 km to the northeast. Reactions within upper basement and overlying sediment affect a variety of ions (Mn, Fe, Mo, Si, PO43‐, V, and U) and δ13DIC, indicating a diagenetic influence and diffusive exchange with overlying sediment pore waters. The apparent 14C age of basal pore fluids is much older than bottom seawater. Collectively, these results are consistent with seawater recharge at Grizzly Bare outcrop; however, there are strong gradients in fluid composition within 50 m of the outcrop, providing evidence for complex flow paths and vigorous mixing of young, recently recharged seawater with much older, more reacted basement fluid. The proximity of these altered fluids to the edge of the outcrop raises the possibility for fluid seepage from the outcrop in addition to seawater recharge.
During Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 336 to North Pond on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (8 Ma crust) in the late fall of 2011, borehole observatories were installed in IODP Holes U1382A and U1383C and Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 395A. These borehole observatories are designed for long-term (multiyear) coordinated hydrogeological, geochemical, and microbiological monitoring and experimentation to understand the nature of life, fluid flow, and fluid-rock interactions in young and cool oceanic crust. Additional related activities during Expedition 336 included recovery of an instrument string that was deployed within an earlier generation of a circulation obviation retrofit kit (CORK) observatory in Hole 395A and preparation of IODP Hole U1383B, which was drilled, cased, and left open during Expedition 336, for a future deployment of a borehole observatory. A streamlined CORK observatory was deployed in Hole U1383B during a remotely operated vehicle–supported cruise in April 2012. An additional CORK servicing cruise is scheduled for 2013. Here, we summarize the observatory project goals and provide an overview of the design, construction, and deployment of these CORKs and related instrumentation during Expedition 336. We also summarize the project goals, design, and construction for the CORK-lite installation in Hole U1383B and discuss plans for its deployment. CORK servicing plans for 2012 and 2013 also are presented.
Subseafloor borehole observatories (“CORKs”) are currently the best mechanism by which fluids from subsurface hydrologic zones can be collected to evaluate the composition, evolution, and consequence of fluid circulation in oceanic crust. The fluid-sampling capabilities of CORKs have evolved over two decades, spanning the Ocean Drilling Program and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. The fluid-sampling system for the original CORK design consisted of a single polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tube that connected to a valve at the seafloor and ended at depth in the formation. Through successes and disappointments coupled with community desires and efforts, significant iterations of CORK design and capabilities have led to the development of a range of crustal fluid-sampling systems. These iterations continue today with the development of new borehole capabilities, sensors, and samplers. This paper discusses these developments and transitions, highlighting the pros and cons of various designs, materials, and decisions. Although the evolution of CORK design has taken years because of the infrequency of CORK deployments and sample recovery operations, we as a community are now in a position to report on groundbreaking results that will enhance our understanding of subseafloor hydrogeology, crustal evolution, geochemical fluxes, microbial ecology, and biogeochemical processes, as indicated by the wealth of work referenced herein and by the complexity and flexibility of present and future designs.
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 327 installed two new subseafloor borehole observatory systems (“CORKs”) in 3.5 m.y. old upper ocean crust on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge in Holes U1362A and U1362B. Expedition 327 participants also recovered part of an instrument string previously deployed in a CORK in Hole U1301B and deployed a short replacement string. These observatories are part of a network of six CORKs that was designed to monitor, sample, and complete multidisciplinary cross-hole experiments. We present an overview of project goals and describe the design, construction, and deployment of new CORK systems. We also provide an update on the status of preexisting CORK systems as of the start of Expedition 327. Additional CORK servicing and sampling are scheduled for summer 2011 and 2012, including a long-term free-flow perturbation experiment that will test the large-scale directional properties of the upper ocean crust around the observatories.
A feature film documentary chronicling drilling activities and the installation of seafloor observatories (CORKs) at North Pond on IODP Expedition 336 was completed as a result of this award. This is the only feature film ever made of an ocean drilling expedition and will provide valuable public exposure to the scientific ocean drilling program (IODP) and C-DEBI. In April of 2012, a follow-up expedition with the ROV Jason 2 was conducted to retrieve data and instrumentation from the CORKs along with installing new instrumentation packages and conducting geologic surveys of the North Pond area. We included this expedition as part of the North Pond documentary to provide a contextual relevance of the seafloor observatories. Showing scientists using the observatories adds a sense of accomplishment and purpose to the overall film that cannot be attained with only the IODP expedition footage.
